Vietnamese


Consonants

IPA

Examples

ʔ

-

ɓ

b [ʔb]

c

ch [] (Saigon final [t]
after e/i/y )

ɗ

đ [ʔd]

f

ph

h

h

j

y (may follow all vowels
but e/i/y )

k

c, qu

kp

c (after u, ô) [kʷ]

l

l

m

m

n

n (Saigon final [ŋ] after a/o/u )

ɲ

nh (Saigon final [n] after
after e/i/y )

ŋ

ng

ŋm

ng (after u, ô) [ŋʷ]

p

p

s

x

ʂ

s (Hanoi [s])

t

t (Saigon final [k] after o/u )

th

ʈʂ

tr [ʈ] (Hanoi c)

v

v (Saigon [j])

w

u (Hanoi initial [ʔw]) (may follow
all vowels but a/o/u )

x

kh

ɣ

g (before a/o/u ), gh (before e/i/y )

z

d (Saigon [j])

ʐ

r (Hanoi z)

ʒ

g (before e/i )



Monophthongs

IPA

Examples

a

ă [ɐ]

a [ɐː]

e

ê

ɛ

e

ə

â [ɜ]

əː

ơ [ɤː]

i

i, y

ɨ

ư [ɯ]

o

ô

ɔ

o

u

u



Tones

IPA

Examples

a ə

a (Hanoi [˧], Saigon [˧])

â ə̂

à (Hanoi [˧˩], Saigon [˧˩])

ǎ ə̌

á (Hanoi [˧ˀ˥], Saigon [˧˥])

a᷉ ə᷉

(Hanoi [˧˩˧], Saigon [˧˩˧])

ǎˀ ə̌ˀ

ã (Hanoi [˧ˀ˥], Saigon [˧˩˧])

âˀ ə̂ˀ

(Hanoi [˧ˀ˩], Saigon [˧˩˧ˀ])

ə́k

ấc (Hanoi [], Saigon [])

ə̀k

ậc (Hanoi [˨], Saigon [])



Diphthongs

IPA

Examples

, final ia

ɯə

ươ, final ưa [ɉə]

, final ua

Vj

(see /j/ above)

Vw

(see /w/ above)

CʷiV

uy: khuyên

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