Consonants | ||
Examples |
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- |
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b [ʔb] |
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đ [ʔd] |
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ph |
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h |
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y (may follow all vowels |
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c, qu |
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c (after u, ô) [kʷ] |
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l |
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m |
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n (Saigon final [ŋ] after a/o/u ) |
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nh (Saigon final [n] after |
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ng |
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ng (after u, ô) [ŋʷ] |
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p |
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x |
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s (Hanoi [s]) |
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t (Saigon final [k] after o/u ) |
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tʰ |
th |
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v (Saigon [j]) |
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u (Hanoi initial [ʔw]) (may follow |
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kh |
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g (before a/o/u ), gh (before e/i/y ) |
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d (Saigon [j]) |
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r (Hanoi z) |
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g (before e/i ) |
IPA |
Examples |
ă [ɐ] |
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aː |
a [ɐː] |
ê |
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e |
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â [ɜ] |
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əː |
ơ [ɤː] |
i, y |
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ư [ɯ] |
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ô |
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o |
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u |
IPA |
Examples |
a ə |
a (Hanoi [˧], Saigon [˧]) |
â ə̂ |
à (Hanoi [˧˩], Saigon [˧˩]) |
ǎ ə̌ |
á (Hanoi [˧ˀ˥], Saigon [˧˥]) |
a᷉ ə᷉ |
ả (Hanoi [˧˩˧], Saigon [˧˩˧]) |
ǎˀ ə̌ˀ |
ã (Hanoi [˧ˀ˥], Saigon [˧˩˧]) |
âˀ ə̂ˀ |
ạ (Hanoi [˧ˀ˩], Saigon [˧˩˧ˀ]) |
ə́k |
ấc (Hanoi [], Saigon []) |
ə̀k |
ậc (Hanoi [˨], Saigon []) |
IPA |
Examples |
iə |
iê, final ia |
ɯə |
ươ, final ưa [ɉə] |
uə |
uô, final ua |
Vj |
(see /j/ above) |
Vw |
(see /w/ above) |
CʷiV |
uy: khuyên |