Consonants | |||
---|---|---|---|
IPA | Hindi | Urdu | English equivalent |
b | ब | ب | abash |
bʱ | भ | بھ | abhor |
d̪ [1] | द | د | ado |
d̪ʱ [1] | ध | دھ | adhere |
ɖ [1] | ड | ڈ | guard |
ɖʱ [1] | ढ | ڈھ | guardhouse |
dʒ | ज | ج | hedge |
dʒʱ | झ | جھ | hedgehog |
f | फ़ | ف | food |
ɡ | ग | گ | agate |
ɡʱ | घ | گھ | pigheaded |
h | ः | ح | head |
ɦ | ह | ahead | |
j | य | ي | yak |
k | क | ک | scan |
kʰ | ख | کھ | can |
l | ल | ل | leaf |
m | म | م | much |
n | न | ن | not |
ɳ | ण | - | burner |
ŋ | ं | - | bank |
p | प | پ | span |
pʰ | फ | پھ | pan (often pronounced [f] in Hindi) |
q | क़ | ق | a k in the throat (Urdu; often [k] in Hindi) |
r | र | ر | trilled r |
ɽ | ड़ | ڑ | US: larder |
ɽʱ | ढ़ | ڑھ | as [ɽ] plus h |
s | स | س | sue |
ʂ | ष | – | worship |
ʃ | श | ش | shoe |
t̪ [1] | त | ت | stable |
t̪ʰ [1] | थ | تھ | table |
ʈ [1] | ट | ٹ | art |
ʈʰ [1] | ठ | ٹھ | art-historian |
tʃ | च | چ | catch |
tʃʰ | छ | چھ | choose |
ʋ[2] | व | و | varies between w and v |
x | ख़ | خ | Bach (Urdu; often [kʰ] in Hindi) |
ɣ | ग़ | غ | like a French r (Urdu; often [ɡ] in Hindi). Close to uvular flap. |
z | ज़ | ز | zen |
ʒ | झ़ | ژ | pleasure |
Vowels | |||
---|---|---|---|
IPA | Hindi | Urdu | English equivalent |
aː | आ, पा | آ, ـا | bra |
eː | ए, पे | ے | between yell and Yale |
ɛː | ऐ, पै | yell | |
ə | अ, प | ـَ | nut |
iː [3] | ई, पी | ی | feet |
ɪ [3] | इ, पि | ـِ | dill |
oː | ओ, पो | و | old |
ɔː | औ, पौ | law | |
uː [3] | ऊ, पू | loot | |
ʊ [3] | उ, पु | ـُ | look |
̃ | ँ | ں | nasal vowel ([ãː], [õː], etc.) |
Suprasegmentals | ||
---|---|---|
IPA | ||
ˈ | stress (placed before stressed syllable) |
|
ː | doubled consonant |